Computers and computer history
Computers and computer history
What is a computer?
The word computer is derived from the Greek word compute, which means calculator The term is used to calculate, measure, calculate and hold, etc. In general, a computer is an electronic device that
> Provides data storage and information.
> Presents information by processing it as per
requirements and instructions
In the past, only calculations could be done with a computer, but now with the help of sophisticated computers, complex calculations can be done very fast. Computer without program is an inert substance. The computer is "pregranaITnatile digital electronic device".
How the computer works
In order to do any work with the computer, the computer has to provide the data of that work. The computer has to be instructed about what to do with the data The computer provides the results by using the data as per the instructions of the user. In other words, there are three steps to work on the computer.
A, Input the data and instructions given by the user.
B, processing information.
C. Providing or disclosing processed information (Output).
Types of computers
There are three main types of computers. E.g.-
1. Analog Computer
2. Digital Computer
3. and Hybrid Computer.
Analog computer: Analog computers work in a measuring method. Analog computer processors are designed to be used for specific tasks. As a result, analog computers used for one type of work cannot usually be used for another type of work. The most well-known example of an analog computer is the cut-off or meter of a vehicle's speed display.
Digital computer: Digital computer works on the basis of instructions received through binary numbers. The way digital computers work is progressive and sequential. Versatile work can be done with digital computer. For example, the current generation of digital computers.
Hybrid computer:
Hybrid computer is a combination of the essential features of analog
and digital computer. Hybrid computers usually collect data in an analog
process. The collected data is converted into numbers and transmitted
to the digital part. The digital part provides the results after
processing the received data. An example is a hybrid computer used in a
hospital.
Computer class division
Digital computers can
be divided into four main categories based on their work efficiency and
size. Such as: super computer, mainframe computer, miniframe computer
and personal computer.
The evolution of computers
In ancient times people used pebbles, stones, oysters etc. to calculate the number. These were the basic mathematical instruments used in human computation. Abacus (Abacus) was then introduced as a calculating instrument. Later, the French scientist Beaz Pascal was able to make an instrument called Pascalin. Long after the Bayes-Eis Pascal calculator was invented in 161, the famous German mathematician Leibniz used a wheel and a dove - a device that could be used to divide, multiply, multiply and divide.
Discovered. This is the prototype of the current commercial computer.
The
basic form of the modern computer was created by the British
mathematician Charles Babbage. He was the first to realize the need for a
memory for a calculator and called it "Analytical Engine".
Attempts
to make a device failed, but the current Charles Babbage is based on
his plan. Computers have been discovered. That is why Charles Babbage is
called the father of computers. Lady Ada, daughter of another famous
mathematician of the time, the famous English poet Lord Byron, assisted
Charles Babbage in designing the planned analytical engine. He is
mentioned as the first computer programmer in the world.
In 1951, Mausal and his company alone developed the Univac-1 (Universal Automatic Calculator), which featured the following:
> The first commercial computer
> Read, Write and Compute at the same time
In
1953 IBM made a computer called 701. At that time the program was made
in binary language. All computers discovered before the creation of
second generation computers are called first generation computers. The
main feature of the first generation computer was the Vacuum Tube. After
the invention of the transistor in 1948, computers began to use
transistors instead of valves. Because of this everything started to
happen fast.
Meanwhile, two scientists created a computer language called BASIC,
which led to the discovery of High Level Language in place of Binary
Language / Machine Language / Low Level Language, which made it easier
to give instructions. Then start using IC. When more than one transistor
is inserted in the smallest part of a semiconductor / silicon, it is
called IC or Integrated Circuit. This generation of computer is called
third generation computer.
The greatest revolution occurred with
the invention of the microprocessor. Intel is the first to make a
microprocessor Corporation of America in 1971. A microprocessor is a
device measuring thousands of transistors on a small silicon sheet
measuring 1 square inch. At present this measurement of microprocessor
volume has changed a lot and this rate of change is increasing very fast
with the passage of time. Now a silicon of many sizes.The
chip contains a few million or more transistors. This computer made
with microprocessor is called modern computer or personal computer. At
present we usually mean Personal Computer or PC.
Thanks to the advancement of technology, computers are now smaller in size and more easily portable. At present laptop computer runs for 3-4 hours without electricity.
The first computer in Bangladesh was set up in 1974 at the Atomic Energy Center, Dhaka. The first computer installed in Bangladesh was the IBM 1620 model. The computer's RAM was only 20 kilobytes. Later the amount of RAM was increased to 64 KB. This computer is currently in the Science Museum.
IBM 1620 (the first computer used in Bangladesh)
Use of computer
Computers
work with data. Letters, numbers, pictures, words, moving images, etc.
are provided as input on the computer. The computer treats all of this
as data and processes it. Numbers are computer data when calculations
are done with a computer. And when working with computer graphics or
running graphics, image animation is computer data. Computer hardware
processes these data into machine language. Computer operating systems
and application programs are characterized by the appearance of letters,
numbers, symbols, or words. Any type of data can be processed in
today's computer. Computers can process billions of dollars of
calculations, starting with the simplest of calculations. The same is
true of images or words.
The use of computer has become essential
in almost every field of our social life. In a word, this device can be
used in almost all the work around us.
The use of computer in some sectors of our country is discussed:
Computers in business
E-commerce
is the name given to the modern concept of computer in business.
Electronic commerce or e-commerce is a form of business in the 21st
century. The idea is that in the future business will run with the help
of the Internet. Businesses in the developed world and some businesses
in our country now sell products by creating websites on the Internet.
Doing. The world's largest bookstore is now on the Internet. E-commerce
is being used to buy and sell everything from human clothes to household
appliances.
Computer in management
Computing,
managing data, alerting, providing necessary information, providing
urgent results, reporting purchase or sale status, providing on-demand
instructions, etc., are being performed very precisely, quickly and
efficiently with the help of computer.
In addition to
student-teacher-staff management for educational institutions, book
management for libraries, project management for business organizations,
etc., computers are an essential tool for communication or information
management.
Computer in publishing
Composing
on a computer is more convenient than a press for printing any article
or subject in a publication. On the cloth. Notable advantages of
composing are:
> Can be quickly compressed. Bengali, English and other languages can be composed on the same computer.
> Characters are never broken, lines are never drawn.
The
font size is very large and can be trimmed. The space in the middle of
the line can be filled more or less as required. The composing subject
or text can be stored in the computer's memory. The subject can be used
again if necessary.
You don't have to compose anew. Thousands of pages of books can be stored in the memory of the computer.
> Content for printing work can also be used in Eastern or digital media.
Computers in education
Computers
have introduced a whole new dimension to the conventional education
system. In the current education system, a new education system based on
computer, multimedia, software and internet has been introduced. The
information that could have been found on paper for education has become
digital. There is no pair of computer to attract the attention of
students in teaching. There are many opportunities for computer-assisted
teaching. The various aspects of science, such as the atmosphere,
planets and satellites, the solar system, the animal kingdom can be
shown through moving images. Many of these things can be made ready and
can be made as needed. So it goes without saying that computer-assisted
teaching is far more effective than conventional teaching methods.
Computer-for-educational
management, student-teacher-staff management and data storage both save
time and labor. Communication is an important part of the education
system. It is possible to establish direct communication between
different schools and important related offices through computer to
computer network through internet.
In addition, with the help of
computer, the test results of the students of the school can be created
and saved. Testimonials are now computer-aided.
Use of computers in industries
The
quality of production can be controlled with the help of computer.
Computer-controlled devices produce products exactly as instructed by
the computer. Among the advantages of producing a computer-controlled
device are: it requires relatively less labor, the quality of the
finished product is perfect, raw materials are not wasted and there is
almost no chance of an accident. As a result, overall production costs
are lower, product quality improves, demand increases, and overall
profitability is higher.
Operating system:
Operating
system is also referred to as system software. The computer cannot run
without it. Of the computer. As soon as you switch on, the operating
system looks at the amount of RAM. The startup then finds the disk and
retrieves the required part of the system file from the disk to RAM. It
includes keyboards, fonts, disks, accessories, etc. Required
instructions fall under the operating system. At this stage to manage
all the work of the computer. The operating system again brings
resources from the startup disk to the resource for exchanging
information with printers and other devices. The operating system
connects the computer's hardware and application program. With hardware.
It plays a coordinating role in performing application program tasks.
Personal computers currently include MS-DOS, Windows 9.5, Windows XP,
Windows Vista and the Macintosh operating system (MacOS) of Apple's
Macintosh family of personal computers. ) The most popular and widely
used operating system.
Application programs are created based on the operating system. Running strong or large application programs on weak operating systems is either through text or graphical user interface-GUI commands.
The structure of the operating system
Operating
systems are made up of many programs. All these programs do different
kinds of work. There are two important programs in the operating system.
A) Control program. B.) Service program.
1.) Supervisor Program: The responsibility of the main program is to control all the work of the computer with the help of other programs of the operating system. The supervisor program is called the main program, observation, kernel, core.
2.) Job Control Program: With the help of computer, many tasks are arranged in a row to work in phases. The Job Control Program, part of the Operating System Control Program, is responsible for completing these pending tasks in a phased manner.
3.) Input / Output Program: An input output program is a necessary program under operating system control program. With the help of this program, the central processing unit is set up while working with the computer's input and output devices for data processing and output.
B.) Service programs: Service programs are divided into two parts. Such as:
1.) Processing Program: The function of a processing program is to convert a program written in a higher language into a mechanical language. Processing programs are also referred to as translators.
2.) Utility Program: The function of the utility program is to perform various responsibilities for the management of the application program. Among the functions of a utility program are the phasing of data and racks for processing, creating a file, transferring data from input / output devices to other input / output devices, etc.
Types of operating systems
Operating systems are divided into several categories based on the type of work and process. Such as:
> Time sharing operating system
> Resource sharing
> Client server
> Batch processing operating system
> Real time operating system
> Multiprocessing operating system
> Multi-programming operating system
> Distributed Operate
An application is a program, or group of programs, designed for the end user. Application software can be divided into two general categories: system software and application software.
An operating system performs these services for applications:
In a multitasking operating system where multiple programs can run at the same time, the operating system determines which applications should be run in which order and now more time should be given to each application before giving a turn to another application. It handles internal memory sharing between multiple applications.
It handles inputs and outputs to connected hardware devices such as hard disks, printers, and dial-up ports.
It sends messages to each application or interactive user (or a system operator) about the state of the operation and any errors that may occur.
This can offload the management of batch tasks (for example, print) so that the starter application is free from this task.
On computers that can provide parallel processing, an operating system can handle how to distribute the program so that it runs on multiple processors at once.
Requires all major computer platforms (hardware and software) and sometimes includes an operating system. Linux, Windows, VMS, OS / 400, AIX, and z / OS are all examples of operating systems.
When talking about the features of an operating system, they are often confused with its functions. I define a feature of an operating system as a distinctive feature of the operating system; In other words, its main component.
System call
In modern microprocessors, there are at least two modes of operation: kernel mode and user mode. If an application running in user mode attempts to perform a special privileged operation (such as direct hardware access), the CPU will throw an exception.
Device driver
A computer system usually consists of several devices such as a disk drive, keyboard, mouse, video adapter, sound card, and so on. When a user connects such a device to their computer, they expect the operating system to detect and use the device. It is, in fact, the operating system that knows what the device is, but not how to communicate with it. The next problem is solved by the driver. A device driver is a computer program that controls a specific device connected to a computer. It provides an interface through which the operating system can transparently make calls to the device.
Each computer file is stored in a linear space on a storage device of finite capacity. Each file contains a storage address, which is determined by the number of bytes offset from the beginning of the storage medium. But then there is the need for a framework that tells where a piece of data begins and where it ends - a file system.
Here is another feature of an operating system: its user interface. The user interface of an operating system determines how the user interacts with the computer. The two most common forms of a user interface are the command line interface (CLI) and the graphical user interface (GUI). A CLI provides a prompt where commands can be given line-by-line.
Here are the functions that will be discussed when the work is done. (You may want to focus your current research activities in this area.)
1. Process management
- Code execution o Context switching
- Multitasking
2. Memory management
- Allocation
- Sharing
- Protection
- Virtual memory
3. Device management
- Input / Output
- Disk access
- Interrupt handling